Hinduism is a religion rich in tradition and epic stories, and one of its most well-known and beloved tales is that of the Ramayana. This epic follows the journey of Prince Rama as he battles demons, rescues his wife Sita from the demon king Ravana, and ultimately restores peace and justice to the world. However, what many people may not know is that the Ramayana has spread far beyond its origins in India and has become an integral part of the culture and literature of Southeast Asian countries.
In Cambodia, the Ramayana is known as the Reamker. The story has incorporated Buddhist influences, reflecting the predominantly Buddhist population of the country. Unique episodes have been added to the Khmer text, such as the encounter between the monkey general Hanuman and the mermaid Sovann Maccha. Interestingly, after Sita passes the trial by fire, she becomes offended by her husband’s lack of trust and leaves him to find refuge with the wiseman Valmiki.
In Java, Indonesia, the Ramayana is performed through puppet shows known as wayang kulit. While the first half of the Ramayana Jawa is similar to the original Sanskrit version, the latter half undergoes significant changes. Javanese indigenous deity Dhayana and his misshapen sons, Gareng, Petruk, and Bagong, are introduced, adding a unique twist to the story.
Laos has also embraced the story of Rama and transformed it into their national epic, Phra Lak Phra Ram. The Lao people associate Rama with the previous incarnation of Gautama Buddha and view him as the epitome of moral leadership. The story takes place along the Mekong River, a significant waterway in mainland Southeast Asia.
Even in Malaysia, where Islam is the dominant religion, the Ramayana has found a place. The story, known as Hikayat Seri Rama, is written as a form of Malay literature. Interestingly, this version focuses on the character of Maharaja Wana, or Ravana, who is portrayed as just and loyal, while Rama is perceived as arrogant and vain.
Myanmar has its own version of the Ramayana called Yama Zatdaw. This version has been influenced by Thai, Javanese, and Malay traditions, and incorporates traditional Burmese dance and ornate costumes.
The Philippines has its own take on the Ramayana in the form of the epic song called Darangen. This ancient epic touches on various aspects of Maranao culture and history, with one episode being retold through the Singkil dance, where dancers nimbly avoid bamboo poles representing trees.
Finally, in Thailand, the Ramakien is the national epic. This version, compiled and written by King Rama I, places the Ramayana onto the topography of Siam (now Thailand), with Ayutthaya being a transliteration of Rama’s kingdom of Ayodhya. The Ramakien is considered a masterpiece of Thai literature and is the basis of all khon and nang dramas in Thailand today.
The spread of the Ramayana throughout Southeast Asia is a testament to its enduring cultural legacy and the diversity of the region. Each country has added its own unique elements, reflecting its specific values and beliefs. The Ramayana continues to be performed, celebrated, and studied, showcasing the great heritage of Hinduism and its role in shaping the cultures and histories of these countries.
More Reading at https://jsis.washington.edu/csead/resources/educators/ramayanas-of-southeast-asia/